What is EMI?
EMI (Equated Monthly Instalment) is the fixed monthly amount you pay to repay a loan over its tenure. Each payment covers two components: interest on the outstanding balance and principal repayment. The split changes every month — early payments are mostly interest; by the end, most of each EMI goes toward principal.
The formula
The standard reducing-balance EMI formula:
EMI = P × r × (1+r)^n
─────────────────
(1+r)^n − 1
Where:
- P = Principal (loan amount)
- r = Monthly interest rate (annual rate ÷ 12 ÷ 100)
- n = Tenure in months
Example: ₹5L personal loan at 10% for 5 years
- Monthly rate r = 10 ÷ 12 ÷ 100 = 0.00833
- Tenure n = 60 months
- EMI = ₹10,624
- Total payable = ₹6,37,480
- Total interest = ₹1,37,480
How tenure affects total cost
| Tenure | EMI | Total Interest |
|---|---|---|
| 5 years | ₹10,624 | ₹1,37,480 |
| 10 years | ₹6,608 | ₹2,92,960 |
| 20 years | ₹4,825 | ₹6,57,940 |
A lower EMI from a longer tenure looks attractive, but the total interest cost can be 2–5× higher. Always compare both numbers, not just the monthly payment.
Reading the amortisation table
The amortisation schedule breaks down each of your monthly payments:
| Month | Opening Balance | EMI | Interest | Principal | Closing Balance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ₹5,00,000 | ₹10,624 | ₹4,167 | ₹6,457 | ₹4,93,543 |
| 2 | ₹4,93,543 | ₹10,624 | ₹4,113 | ₹6,511 | ₹4,87,032 |
| … | … | … | … | … | … |
| 60 | ₹10,536 | ₹10,624 | ₹88 | ₹10,536 | ₹0 |
Notice how the interest component shrinks every month as the principal reduces. By the final payment, almost the entire EMI is principal.
Tips for reducing your total interest cost
Prepay when possible. Even one extra EMI per year can cut 2–3 years off a 20-year home loan and save lakhs in interest.
Compare lenders, not just rates. A 0.25% rate difference on a ₹50L home loan over 20 years saves ~₹2.5L in total interest.
Choose tenure wisely. A longer tenure lowers EMI but increases total cost. Pick the shortest tenure your monthly budget comfortably supports.
Make lump-sum prepayments. Bonus, incentive, or tax refund? Prepaying reduces the outstanding principal and dramatically cuts future interest.